The Final Project

MIND MAPPING

FESTIVAL MIND MAPPING

MEDIA ENTERTAINMENT

Media entertainment involves the use of technology to please and pass on a message. Entertainment has been there since the dawn of man but it is during the advent of electricity that it was truly revolutionized. From electricity, the radios, television sets and computers were born and this paved way for a new era in entertainment.

In order to fully understand the impact of Media Entertainment, it is paramount to understand what forms of entertainment existed before the media came into play. Before the media became such a formidable force in the entertainment industry, entertainment in the past was most exclusively based on performance arts such as dancing, opera and the like. This, needless to say would be centered and presented among a small group of receivers since no form of broadcasting was present at the time. Entertainment was limited to the high society and royalty who could afford to build entertainment houses and hire performers to keep them entertained. Common folk had a harder time trying to get entertained and thus the need for entertainment for the masses triggered the electronic entertainment revolution that we currently enjoy to this day.

Among the devices that have had the most impact in media entertainment are the radio, the television set and the computer. The radio's invention involved the participation of many engineers and scientist and hence not one inventor can be accredited to the invention. However, in 1885, David E. Hughes made an eye opening discovery that would change the face of communication. He realized that sparks from his carbon based microphone could be heard in a telephone receiver. He developed that technology further until the sparks could be heard over a hundred yards before presenting it to the royal society in 1880. A patent was however created by Thomas Edison and his employees in 1885. These contributions by various scientists continued over a period of years before Alexander Stepanovich Popov built his first radio receiver in 1895.

The initial contribution to the development of the Television was by a German student called Paul Gottlieb Nipkow who patented his first electromechanical television. Later on, in 1925 a Scottish inventor Joh Loggie Blaird demonstrated the transmission of moving silhouettes in London.

The computer system's invention can be traced back to the mechanical calculator the ABACUS that was used in the ancient world to make calculations. However, with the advent of electricity, the functions of this device were enhanced through the use of vacuum tubes, transistors and down to the modern age micro chip. The computer has probably had the biggest impact on media entertainment since it is because of the computer that interactivity thrives in today's media world. The ability of a user to communicate with a device became the turning point that ensured the dawning of a new era in the entertainment world. Before, viewers were mainly passive and all of the entertainment was planned and presented by a few individuals. However now, most of the entertainment content is user generated and this allows for the viewers to pick and choose and to come up with entertainment that best suits them.

Another technology that cannot be under estimated in its role in media entertainment is the internet. The internet has reduced the world to a village in the sense that information can find its way across continents and oceans in a matter of milliseconds. The ability to transport and communicate data in this form has enabled the internet users to share ideas and content and thus many new forms of media entertainment have arisen such as home videos, blogs, online role playing games and the like.

While remembering the trend of media entertainment over the ages, it is also important to put in mind its impact to the society. Today's society is an entertainment centered society with the entertainment industry alone raking in hundreds of billions of dollars every year. People have found the need to express themselves and to get loose through partaking in such media. This has allowed for the flourishing of some negative aspects such as a lack of intimate communication and rebellion among youngsters. It has also enabled anarchists to spread terror and propagandas through the media sources and thus this is a reason to be concerned. One good example was the use of propaganda films during the third Reich which were used to imprison people's minds and alter their mindsets and concepts of good and bad, righteousness and evil. This in part led to the onset of violent uprisings such as the holocaust and the recent happenings such as terrorism.

While partaking of the endless opportunities available in media entertainment, its use has to be regulated and controlled to prevent it from harming the society and to prevent people with the power of media from controlling those who partake of their entertainment.

IDEA ILLUSTRATIONS

FINAL PRODUCT

the outcome of the information and brainstorming done on the media entertainment looking at festivals /ceremonies  is a well edited creatively coordinated short film on festival..

view and recognize the different places and cultures on the short film for when travelling and knowledge. Enjoy trying to figure out where our creativity has taken you!!!!

Group Members

1071117892……….Jimmy L Ramantsima……………www.creativitymyway@blogspot.com

1041111480…….…Mohd Namazi……………………www.mlc1013fridaygroup.blogspot.com

1071117487……… Diamond O Mosweu

1081106819………Mir Mobarak Mobaraki

1051108298………Abulladh Musaliam Alrawas……..http://creativeabdullah.blogspot.com/

1081107044……... mohammad mahdi mohebali…….http://mmohebali.blogspot.com/

1081800007 ……...BABAK ANOUSHE …………….http://babakanoushepour.blogspot.com/

Lesson 6

Situation/ problem

-How to make a person stop smoking in 6 months time?

its not so simple ,but personally i recommend some way to stop smoking in 6 months
first just ask for our self why we smoke,because we are tired or sad or have the problem.ok try to find some replacement like gum or candy or something else 
second: makes our smoke wet,in this term you are not enjoy enough to take smoke or you can add spry puff on it:( don't try this way for your friend because maybe you punched:))
in this term with my guaranty in one month you stop the smoke with suffering :))

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Association:

  2) Metal : Make it tough to smoke

      In  practice What might this mean?

haha we should create some way to stop smoking  like buy some expensive brand like captain black (19$) you feels like dont want to take it again or suddenly promise to your self for the temporary quit the smoke and you extend the time ;)

--------------------

Association:

  3) Dirty : Create a “Yucky” effect to the cigarette

      In  practice What might this mean?

funny Create a Yucky  effect to avoid  cigarette is like this. lets take some smoke .....its the good one.......i made it by some shit in the toilet :)

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Association:

  2) Sign : Create a weird and scary sign

      In  practice What might this mean?

stop smoking or smoke stop you!!!!

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Situation/ problem

To create “SCARY IMAGES or OBJECT” that will instill fear among people through out the ages

Lesson 6

Exploration on analogy metaphor
What is Analogy??

An analogy is a comparison between two different things so you can point out something about how they are similar. The comparison often is done point by point.

Lesson 5

Juxtaposition

Instruction:

1. Find 7 picture, it could be, 1 from each different categories. For example; Landscape, Dust - Bin, time (clock), animals, automobile, ice-cream, and wallet

2. Make 1 small logical mind map for the picture

3. Write a short statement/poem that describe the concept of “LOVE’. “LIFE” and “WOMAN or MAN” to each pictures

4. Write “Love is like dont know feeling”

5. Write “Life is like box the choclete you never dont know what you get :) ”

6. Write “Man or woman is like cat and dog ready  for fight”

love is like  butterflies, because……..

1.Butterflies are colorful.  Colorful always relate to  feeling of richness and happiness, thus like love, it’s  rich and happy feelings.

2love like some word people dont know how to spell it

3come on... love like your money give it to some one and she never give you back  :)

4please some one tell me love is the good thig and don't have regret

5love is the best gift from god .but unfortunately lord send to the wrong address:)

 
Create a passage/writing that describe the concept of “Life”

we come to this world to learn and get some experience and find the way to be happy
when we are young we dont have enough money to enjoy
we working so hard to earn some money
and time flies and we become rich
and now we are old people and we have money but we dont have enough energy:)) to enjoy our life
the truth is we must working all the time, and finally we don't have something expected.
Create a passage/writing that describe the concept of “Love”

hahahahaaaaa. i tell you the truth ......love is not good thing .......stay away from it
don't believe Love is like oxygen You get too much you get too high Not enough and you're gonna die
Love gets you high hahaha .i think you describe drugs in here:))
love is some gift from the god to people protect each other and living peacefully together...love is really beautiful but when your partner cheat it ,its not beautiful like before and you regret about what did you do  when you  love someone purely and she just use you as the tool. But men make easy forget it when he find  the new relationship:)) we don't know what love is...:))
Create a passage/writing that describe the concept of “Pain”

Pain is a sensation transmitted from nerves through the sensory area of the brain,an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage 
Create a passage/writing that describe the concept of “Love or Life”

hahahha again !!!!

  ok in our life we looking for the love ....but some people (specially female) in they love looking for the new life:))
i think that's more than enough!!!!!
Create a passage/writing that describe the concept of “Happiness”

ok happiness appear when you find the true love:))))))))))))))
 and when you love some one you have this felling 
Create a passage/writing that describe the concept of “Love or Pain 

 
who knows we have pain or pleasure in our love.
Create a passage/writing that describe the concept of “Man or Woman

the reason behind why a man would rather like a woman that is more childish...is because unconciously there is a thought that the more childish a woman is, the more fertile she may be..haha! and i think in some way woman seeks a guy similar to her father.and men seeks a women similar to her mother After all, our parents are our first love and will forever remain our terms of reference for future relationships.

Lesson 5

Juxtaposition can be defined as placing two variable, side by side and their contrast or similarity are shown through comparison. Many creative processes rely on juxtaposition. By juxtaposing two objects or words next to each other, human brain will automatically associate or transfer meaning. Usually ‘turning’ something familiar to something less familiar or vice-versa.

 And The arrangement of two or more ideas, characters, actions, settings, phrases, or words side-by-side or in similar narrative moments for the purpose of comparison, contrast, rhetorical effect, suspense, or character development.

 

Juxtaposition (literary), synonymous with contrast, two objects or texts that oppose one another

The majority of the studies done on contrast and contrastive relations in semantics has concentrated on characterizing exactly which semantic relationships could give rise to contrast. Earliest studies in semantics also concentrated on identifying what distinguished clauses joined by and from clauses joined by but.

In discourse theory, and computational discourse, contrast is a major discourse relation, on par with relationship like explanation or narration, and work has concentrated on trying to identify contrast in naturally produced texts, especially in cases where the contrast is not explicitly marked.

  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)

Juxtaposition (literary)
Juxtaposition (literary), synonymous with contrast, two objects or texts that oppose one another


In linguistics and semantics, contrast is a relationship between two discourse segments. Contrast is often overtly marked by markers such as but or however, such as in the following examples:


1. It's raining, but I am not taking an umbrella.
2. We will be giving a party for our new students. We won't, however, be serving drinks.
3. The student knew about the test on Friday, but still he did not study.


In the first clause, It's raining implies that the speaker knows the weather situation and so will prepare for it, while the second clause I am not taking an umbrella implies that the speaker will still get wet. Both clauses (or discourse segments) refer to related situations, or themes, yet imply a contradiction. It is this relationship of comparing something similar, yet different, that is believed to be typical of contrastive relations. The same type of relationship is shown in (2), where the first sentence can be interpreted as implying that by giving a party for the new students, the hosts will serve drinks. This is of course a defeasible inference based on world knowledge, that is then contradicted in the following sentence.

  The majority of the studies done on contrast and contrastive relations in semantics has concentrated on characterizing exactly which semantic relationships could give rise to contrast. Earliest studies in semantics also concentrated on identifying what distinguished clauses joined by and from clauses joined by but.

  In discourse theory, and computational discourse, contrast is a major discourse relation, on par with relationship like explanation or narration, and work has concentrated on trying to identify contrast in naturally produced texts, especially in cases where the contrast is not explicitly marked.

  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)

In literature and film, juxtaposition is the arrangement of two opposing ideas, characters, objects, etc. side-by-side or in similar narratives for effect. Juxtaposition techniques are used to further develop the storyline or characters - it is applied variously to opposing emotions, abstract concepts, character traits/values, or images

 juxtaposition  Here the process requires the introduction of a completely random

stimulus which is juxtaposed with the problem in hand. The connection that developes

between the two may serve to give emphasis to the side track. For example, the

juxtaposition of ‘cigarette po soap’ gave rise to the idea of putting flower seeds in the butts

of cigarette so that man would beautify the surroundings with his waste instead of

messing them up. This is not a specially strong idea, but it does illustrate the sort of idea

that could not come directly from analysis of the situation itself – although with hindsight it

makes good sense. The juxtaposition of ‘cigarette po traffic-light’ produced the idea of a

red ‘danger’ band that would be about two centimetres from the butt end of the cigarette,

since the last two centimetres are the most dangerous, as he smoke particles that have

condensed there are re-evaporated. A person who deliberately smoked into the danger

zone would be making a conscious decision to do so. There are many other techniques

and processes in lateral thinking, and these are described in detail elsewhere. The direct

purpose of lateral thinking is to develop a new way of looking at things. For example, if we

were to say ‘self po leaf’ we might develop the concept of several different selves all of

which were separate but which depended upon and fed into the central self.
Juxtaposition (literary)
Juxtaposition (literary), synonymous with contrast, two objects or texts that oppose one another


In linguistics and semantics, contrast is a relationship between two discourse segments. Contrast is often overtly marked by markers such as but or however, such as in the following examples:


1. It's raining, but I am not taking an umbrella.
2. We will be giving a party for our new students. We won't, however, be serving drinks.
3. The student knew about the test on Friday, but still he did not study.


In the first clause, It's raining implies that the speaker knows the weather situation and so will prepare for it, while the second clause I am not taking an umbrella implies that the speaker will still get wet. Both clauses (or discourse segments) refer to related situations, or themes, yet imply a contradiction. It is this relationship of comparing something similar, yet different, that is believed to be typical of contrastive relations. The same type of relationship is shown in (2), where the first sentence can be interpreted as implying that by giving a party for the new students, the hosts will serve drinks. This is of course a defeasible inference based on world knowledge, that is then contradicted in the following sentence.

  The majority of the studies done on contrast and contrastive relations in semantics has concentrated on characterizing exactly which semantic relationships could give rise to contrast. Earliest studies in semantics also concentrated on identifying what distinguished clauses joined by and from clauses joined by but.

  In discourse theory, and computational discourse, contrast is a major discourse relation, on par with relationship like explanation or narration, and work has concentrated on trying to identify contrast in naturally produced texts, especially in cases where the contrast is not explicitly marked.

  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)

In literature and film, juxtaposition is the arrangement of two opposing ideas, characters, objects, etc. side-by-side or in similar narratives for effect. Juxtaposition techniques are used to further develop the storyline or characters - it is applied variously to opposing emotions, abstract concepts, character traits/values, or images

 juxtaposition  Here the process requires the introduction of a completely random

stimulus which is juxtaposed with the problem in hand. The connection that developes

between the two may serve to give emphasis to the side track. For example, the

juxtaposition of ‘cigarette po soap’ gave rise to the idea of putting flower seeds in the butts

of cigarette so that man would beautify the surroundings with his waste instead of

messing them up. This is not a specially strong idea, but it does illustrate the sort of idea

that could not come directly from analysis of the situation itself – although with hindsight it

makes good sense. The juxtaposition of ‘cigarette po traffic-light’ produced the idea of a

red ‘danger’ band that would be about two centimetres from the butt end of the cigarette,

since the last two centimetres are the most dangerous, as he smoke particles that have

condensed there are re-evaporated. A person who deliberately smoked into the danger

zone would be making a conscious decision to do so. There are many other techniques

and processes in lateral thinking, and these are described in detail elsewhere. The direct

purpose of lateral thinking is to develop a new way of looking at things. For example, if we

were to say ‘self po leaf’ we might develop the concept of several different selves all of

which were separate but which depended upon and fed into the central self.

Lesson 4

Lesson 4

Associated Mind Map

Lesson 3

3. Method of creative thinking.
1. Every problem has only one solution (or one right answer). The goal of problem solving is to solve the problem, and most problems can be solved in any number of ways. If you discover a solution that works, it is a good solution. There may be other solutions thought of by other people, but that doesn't make your solution wrong. What is THE solution to putting words on paper? Fountain pen, ball point, pencil, marker, typewriter, printer, Xerox machine, printing press?

2. The best answer/solution/method has already been found. Look at the history of any solution set and you'll see that improvements, new solutions, new right answers, are always being found. What is the solution to human transportation? The ox or horse, the cart, the wagon, the train, the car, the airplane, the jet, the SST? Is that the best and last? What about pneumatic tubes, hovercraft, even Star Trek type beams?
What is the best way to put words on paper? The word processor? Is that the last invention? How about voice recognition, or thought wave input?
On a more everyday level, many solutions now seen as best or at least entrenched were put in place hastily and without much thought--such as the use of drivers' licenses for ID cards or social security numbers for taxpayer ID numbers. Other solutions are entrenched simply for historical reasons: they've always been done that way. Why do shoe laces still exist, when technology has produced several other, better ways to attach shoes to feet (like velcro, elastic, snap buttons, and so on)?

3. Creative answers are complex technologically. Only a few problems require complex technological solutions. Most problems you'll meet with require only a thoughtful solution requiring personal action and perhaps a few simple tools. Even many problems that seem to require a technological solution can be addressed in other ways.
For example, what is the solution to the large percentage of packages ruined by the Post Office? Look at the Post Office package handling method. Packages are tossed in bins when you send them. For the solution, look at United Parcel. When you send a package, it is put on a shelf. The change from bin to shelf is not a complex or technological solution; it's just a good idea, using commonly available materials.
As another example, when hot dogs were first invented, they were served to customers with gloves to hold them. Unfortunately, the customers kept walking off with the gloves. The solution was not at all complex: serve the hot dog on a roll so that the customer's fingers were still insulated from the heat. The roll could be eaten along with the dog. No more worries about disappearing gloves. (Note by the way what a good example of changing direction this is. Instead of asking, "How can I keep the gloves from being taken?" the hot dog server stopped thinking about gloves altogether.)

 
4. Ideas either come or they don't. Nothing will help. There are many successful techniques for stimulating idea generation. We will be discussing and applying them

Lesson 3

Creative Methods

Several methods have been identified for producing creative results. Here are the five classic ones: Evolution. This is the method of incremental improvement. New ideas stem from other ideas, new solutions from previous ones, the new ones slightly improved over the old ones. Many of the very sophisticated things we enjoy today developed through a long period of constant incrementation. Making something a little better here, a little better there gradually makes it something a lot better--even entirely different from the original.
For example, look at the history of the automobile or any product of technological progress. With each new model, improvements are made. Each new model builds upon the collective creativity of previous models, so that over time, improvements in economy, comfort, and durability take place. Here the creativity lies in the refinement, the step-by-step improvement, rather than in something completely new. Another example would be the improvement of the common wood screw by what are now commonly called drywall screws. They have sharper threads which are angled more steeply for faster penetration and better holding. The points are self tapping. The shanks are now threaded all the way up on lengths up to two inches. The screws are so much better that they can often be driven in without pilot holes, using a power drill.

 
The evolutionary method of creativity also reminds us of that critical principle: Every problem that has been solved can be solved again in a better way. Creative thinkers do not subscribe to the idea that once a problem has been solved, it can be forgotten, or to the notion that "if it ain't broke, don't fix it." A creative thinker's philosophy is that "there is no such thing as an insignificant improvement."
Synthesis. With this method, two or more existing ideas are combined into a third, new idea. Combining the ideas of a magazine and an audio tape gives the idea of a magazine you can listen to, one useful for blind people or freeway commuters.

For example, someone noticed that a lot of people on dates went first to dinner and then to the theater. Why not combine these two events into one? Thus, the dinner theater, where people go first to eat and then to see a play or other entertainment.
Revolution. Sometimes the best new idea is a completely different one, an marked change from the previous ones. While an evolutionary improvement philosophy might cause a professor to ask, "How can I make my lectures better and better?" a revolutionary idea might be, "Why not stop lecturing and have the students teach each other, working as teams or presenting reports?"
For example, the evolutionary technology in fighting termites eating away at houses has been to develop safer and faster pesticides and gasses to kill them. A somewhat revolutionary change has been to abandon gasses altogether in favor of liquid nitrogen, which freezes them to death or microwaves, which bake them. A truly revolutionary creative idea would be to ask, "How can we prevent them from eating houses in the first place?" A new termite bait that is placed in the ground in a perimeter around a house provides one answer to this question.

 
Reapplication. Look at something old in a new way. Go beyond labels. Unfixate, remove prejudices, expectations and assumptions and discover how something can be reapplied. One creative person might go to the junkyard and see art in an old model T transmission. He paints it up and puts it in his living room. Another creative person might see in the same transmission the necessary gears for a multi-speed hot walker for his horse. He hooks it to some poles and a motor and puts it in his corral. The key is to see beyond the previous or stated applications for some idea, solution, or thing and to see what other application is possible.

For example, a paperclip can be used as a tiny screwdriver if filed down; paint can be used as a kind of glue to prevent screws from loosening in machinery; dishwashing detergents can be used to remove the DNA from bacteria in a lab; general purpose spray cleaners can be used to kill ants.
Changing Direction. Many creative breakthroughs occur when attention is shifted from one angle of a problem to another. This is sometimes called creative insight.
A classic example is that of the highway department trying to keep kids from skateboarding in a concrete-lined drainage ditch. The highway department put up a fence to keep the kids out; the kids went around it. The department then put up a longer fence; the kids cut a hole in it. The department then put up a stronger fence; it, too, was cut. The department then put a threatening sign on the fence; it was ignored. Finally, someone decided to change direction, and asked, "What really is the problem here? It's not that the kids keep getting through the barrier, but that they want to skateboard in the ditch. So how can we keep them from skateboarding in the ditch?" The solution was to remove their desire by pouring some concrete in the bottom of the ditch to remove the smooth curve. The sharp angle created by the concrete made skateboarding impossible and the activity stopped. No more skateboarding problems, no more fence problems.

 
This example reveals a critical truth in problem solving: the goal is to solve the problem, not to implement a particular solution. When one solution path is not working, shift to another. There is no commitment to a particular path, only to a particular goal. Path fixation can sometimes be a problem for those who do not understand this; they become overcommitted to a path that does not work and only frustration results.

 

Negative Attitudes That Block Creativity

1. Oh no, a problem! The reaction to a problem is often a bigger problem than the problem itself. Many people avoid or deny problems until it's too late, largely because these people have never learned the appropriate emotional, psychological, and practical responses. A problem is an opportunity. The happiest people welcome and even seek out problems, meeting them as challenges and opportunities to improve things. Definition: a problem is (1) seeing the difference between what you have and what you want or (2) recognizing or believing that there is something better than the current situation or (3) an opportunity for a positive act. Seeking problems aggressively will build confidence, increase happiness, and give you a better sense of control over your life.  

2. It can't be done. This attitude is, in effect, surrendering before the battle. By assuming that something cannot be done or a problem cannot be solved, a person gives the problem a power or strength it didn't have before. And giving up before starting is, of course, self fulfilling. But look at the history of solutions and the accompanying skeptics: man will never fly, diseases will never be conquered, rockets will never leave the atmosphere. Again, the appropriate attitude is summed up by the statement, "The difficult we do immediately; the impossible takes a little longer."
3. I can't do it. Or There's nothing I can do. Some people think, well maybe the problem can be solved by some expert, but not by me because I'm not (a) smart enough, (b) an engineer, or (c) a blank (whether educated, expert, etc.) Again, though, look at the history of problem solving.
Who were the Wright brothers that they could invent an airplane? Aviation engineers? No, they were bicycle mechanics. The ball point pen was invented by a printer's proofreader, Ladislao Biro, not a mechanical engineer. Major advances in submarine design were made by English clergyman G. W. Garrett and by Irish schoolmaster John P. Holland. The cotton gin was invented by that well known attorney and tutor, Eli Whitney. The fire extinguisher was invented by a captain of militia, George Manby.
And so on. In fact, a major point made by recent writers about corporate excellence is that innovations in industry almost always come from individuals (not research groups) outside of the area of the invention. General Motors invented Freon, the refrigeration chemical, and tetraethyl lead, the gasoline additive. Kodachrome was invented by two musicians. The continuous steel casting process was invented by a watchmaker (fooling around with brass casting). Soap making chemists turned down the problem of inventing synthetic detergents: those detergents were invented by dye making chemists.
In a nutshell, a good mind with a positive attitude and some good problem solving skills will go far in solving any problem. Interest in and commitment to the problem are the keys. Motivation--a willingness to expend the effort--is more important than laboratory apparatus. And remember that you can always do something. Even if you cannot totally eradicate the problem from the face of the earth, you can always do something to make the situation better.
4. But I'm not creative. Everyone is creative to some extent. Most people are capable of very high levels of creativity; just look at young children when they play and imagine. The problem is that this creativity has been suppressed by education. All you need to do is let it come back to the surface. You will soon discover that you are surprisingly creative.
5. That's childish. In our effort to appear always mature and sophisticated, we often ridicule the creative, playful attitudes that marked our younger years. But if you solve a problem that saves your marriage or gets you promoted or keeps your friend from suicide, do you care whether other people describe your route to the solution as "childish?" Besides, isn't play a lot of fun? Remember that sometimes people laugh when something is actually funny, but often they laugh when they lack the imagination to understand the situation.

 In an activity like problem solving, both kinds of thinking are important to us. First, we must analyze the problem; then we must generate possible solutions; next we must choose and implement the best solution; and finally, we must evaluate the effectiveness of the solution. As you can see, this process reveals an alternation between the two kinds of thinking, critical and creative. In practice, both kinds of thinking operate together much of the time and are not really independent of each other.